Ne\dy; va;l;]; fd;l;Nuhy; Mh;fidNr\d; (vd;.v.rp.X.)

,d;bad; fTd;rpy; M/g; nkbf;fy; hprh;r; (I.rp.vk;.Mh;.)

Ne\dy; va;l;]; hprh;r; ,d;];bbA+l; (vd;.v.Mh;.I.)

jp bghh;l;nkd;l; M/g; igNahnlf;dhy[p
(caphpay; njhopy;El;gj; Jiw) (b.gp.b.)

Ne\dy; va;l;]; fd;l;Nuhy; Mh;fidNr\d; (vd;.v.rp.X.)> ,e;jpahtpy; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd jpl;l mikg;G kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp epiwNtw;wYf;fhd ,izg;G mikg;G MFk;. Gwf;fzpg;G kw;Wk; NtWghL vJTk; ,y;yhj #oYf;Fs;> njhw;wpd; gutiyj; jLj;J>
n`r;.I.tp.aplk; kf;fspd; tYtpoe;j jd;ikiaf; Fiwj;J> n`r;.I.tp./va;l;];
ghjpg;Gw;w egh;fSf;F ,df;FO kw;Wk; FLk;g mbg;gil ftdpg;G mspj;J> r%f kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu jhf;fk; nfhz;l caph;f;nfhy;ypapd; mopf;Fk; jd;ikia mwNt xopj;jy; nghUl;L> n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; caph;f;nfhy;ypf;F tphpTgLj;jg;gl;l kwptpid mspg;gjpy; Kd;dpd;W Cf;Ftpg;gNj Ne\dy; va;l;]; fd;l;Nuhy; Mh;fidNr\dpd; (vd;.v.rp.X.) KOikahd Nehf;fk; MFk;.

1987,y; njhlq;fg;gl;l Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;> n`r;.I.tp. gutiyj; jLj;jy;@ n`r;.I.tp. njhw;Wld; ,ize;Js;s Neha;j; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fk; ,ay;igf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; n`r;.I.tp. njhw;wpd; r%f-
nghUshjhu jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l> ,e;jpahtpy; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd KOikahd gy;Jiwj; jpl;lk; MFk;. Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. midj;J khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk;> m.rh.ep. $l;LKaw;rpfs; cs;spl;l n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd khepy Kaw;rpfis eph;tfpf;Fk; nghUl;L> khepy va;l;]; r%fq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd. jfty;> fy;tp> jfty; njhlh;G (j.f.j.) gpur;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f xd;WgLj;jy;@ MZiw Cf;Ftpg;G> ,uj;jg; ghJfhg;G> ghypay; top guTk; njhw;Wf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL cs;spl;lit> Ne\dy; va;l;]; fd;l;Nuhy; Mh;fidNr\dpd; eltbf;iffs;.

,d;bad; fTd;rpy; M/g; nkbf;fy; hprh;r; (I.rp.vk;.Mh;.)> caphpay; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpia Kiwg;gLj;jy;> xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpj;jYf;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; cr;r mikg;G MFk;. 1911,y; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,J> cyfpd; kpfg; goikahd kUj;Jt Muha;r;rp mikg;Gf;fSs;
xd;W MFk;.

,e;jf; fTd;rpy;> cs;Gw kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw Ma;Tfs; %yk;> ehl;by; caphpay; njhopy;El;g Muha;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. cs;Gw Ma;Tfs;>
(i) fhr Neha;> njhO Neha;> fhyuh kw;Wk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;F Neha;fs;> ituy; Neha;fs;> va;l;];> kNyhpah> Neha;g; gug;gp fl;Lg;ghL> Cl;lr;rj;J> czT kw;Wk; kUe;Jfs; er;R ,ay;> ,dg;
ngUf;fk;> Neha;j; jLg;G Cf;fp Ma;tpay;> fl;;bapay;> kUj;Jtg; Gs;spapay;> kw;Wk; gy;NtW Fwpg;gpl;l ey;tho;T jiyg;Gf;fsp;y; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;> ,e;jpahtpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s Fwpf;Nfhs;-Nehf;Fila epue;ju Ma;T epWtdq;fs;/ikaq;fs; (vz;zpf;ifapy; 21)
kw;Wk; (ii) kz;ly ey;tho;Tg; gpur;rpidfis vLj;Jiug;gNjhL> ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; Muha;r;rpj; jpwd;fis tYg;gLj;jNth ntspg;gLj;jNth nrayhw;Wk; kz;ly kUj;Jt
Ma;T ikaq;fs; (vz;zpf;ifapy; 6) %yk;
elj;jg; gLfpd;wd.

(i) kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju I.rp.vk;.Mh;.Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; my;yhjtw;wpy;> Vw;fdNt cs;s ty;yik kw;Wk; cs;fl;likg;gpDs;> gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cah;ju Ma;Tf;fhd ikaq;fs; mikj;jy;> (ii) njspthf tpthpf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neu tuk;G kw;Wk; jukhf;fg;gl;l xNu Nghd;w newpKiw ,ay;fs; nfhz;l gd;ikakhd> Neu mbg;gil> Fwpf;Nfhs; hPjp Ma;TfSila fbd Ma;Tfs;> (iii) ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s I.rp.vk;.Mh;. Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; my;yhjit> kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;
fofq;fspd; tpQ;Qhdpfsplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;l khdpa tpz;zg;gq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd jpwe;j Kid Ma;Tfs; %yk;> ntspg;Gw Ma;Tfs; I.rp.vk;.Muhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

ngUk; njhw;W Neha;fs; fl;Lg;ghL/ eph;thfk;> fUTW jpwd; fl;Lg;ghl;L> jha; kw;Wk; Foe;ij ey;tho;T> Cl;lr;rj;J xOq;fpd;ik> Rw;Wr;#oy;/ Ntiyapl ey;tho;T Mgj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;G mstPLfs;> guTtd my;yhj ,ju nghpa Neha;fshd Gw;W Neha;> ,ja ehstl;l Neha;fs;> fz;ghh;it ,og;G> ePhpopT Neha;> ,uj;j ,ay; FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; cs ey;tho;T Mfpatw;wpd; Muha;r;rp@ kUe;J Muha;r;rp (%ypif kUe;Jfs; cs;gl) Nghd;w Njrpa ey;tho;T Kd;DhpikfSld; xj;jit ,e;jf; fTd;rpypd;; Ma;T Kd;Dhpikfs;. jLg;ghw;wy; ,ay;> capuZ kw;Wk; %yf;$W caphpay;> kugpay;> n[Ndhkpf;]; kw;Wk; caphpay; njhopy;El;gk; cs;spl;l Gjpa caphpay; Jiw Muha;r;rp> kpFe;j Jbg;Gld; njhlh;e;J
elj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;> KOikahd Neha; ghuj;ijf; Fiwj;J> kf;fspilapy; cly;eyk; kw;Wk; ey;tho;it Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lit.

$l;LwT epfo;r;rpfs;> Ma;Tf;fhd tpLg;G> nfsut tpQ;Qhdp Nghd;w NkYk; gy topfs; %yk;
caphpay; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapy; kdpj ts Nkk;ghL> I.rp.vk;.Muhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg; gLfpwJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Muha;r;rp gq;fspg;Gf;fSf;fhf> ,e;jpa tpQ;QhdpfSf;F ghpRfs; toq;FtJ %yk;
Muha;r;rp ty;yikiaAk; ,e;jf; fofk; mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ.

Ne\dy; va;l;]; hprh;r; ,d;];bbA+l;
(vd;.v.Mh;.I.)> Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> n`r;.I.tp./
va;l;]{f;fhd caphpay; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapy; Kd;dzp jiyik toq;Fk;; Fwpf;NfhSld; 1992,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ij epiwNtw;w> nfhs;is Nehapay;> nghJ eyk;> gz;ghl;L kdpj ,ay;>
njhw;W Neha;fs;> msT kw;Wk; Fzk; jOtpa newpKiwapay; kw;Wk; caph;g;Gs;sptptu ,ay; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila ,ju Jiwfs; rhh;e;j tpQ;Qhdpfspd; gy;Jiw FOit vd;.v.Mh;.I. xd;W $l;LfpwJ. I.rp.vk;.Mhpd; $l;L epjp toq;fYld;> Njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L mikg;Gf;fsplk; ,Ue;J
rk epjp mspg;ig vd;.v.Mh;.I. ngWfpwJ. gy;NtW gz;ghl;L> ghuk;ghpa kw;Wk; ,df;FO gpd;dzp nfhz;l ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd n`r;.I.tp. jLg;G Kiwfis tsh;g;gjw;Fg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba> mbg;gil elj;ijapay; kw;Wk; r%f mwptpay; Ma;Tfs; cs;spl;lit vd;.v.Mh;.I.apd; Nehf;fq;fs;.

rpwe;j fUtpfs; nfhz;l Ez;Zaphpay;> jLg;ghw;wypay;> Ez;ikapay; kw;Wk; %yf;$W caphpay; ghpNrhjidf; $lq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; jpul;L eph;thf ikaq;fs; nfhz;lJ vd;.v.Mh;.I. MW fy;tpg; gphpTfs; cs;sd: nfhs;is Nehapay; kw;Wk; caph;g;Gs;sptptu ,ay;> CePhpay; kw;Wk; jLg;ghw;wypay;> fpspdpf;fy; mwptpay;> %yf;$W mjpEz;Zaphp ,ay;> Ez;Zaphpay; kw;Wk; elj;ijapay; kw;Wk; r%f mwptpay;. mwptpay; MNyhridf; FO> midj;J Ma;Tj;
jpl;lq;fisAk; kjpg;gpLfpwJ> midj;J epfo;r;rpfSk; ed;ndwp FOtpd; xg;GjYf;F cl;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpa itu]; tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jk; va;l;]; jLg;G kUe;J tsh;r;rpf;fhd> tUq;fhy Kaw;rpfspd; mbg;gilg; gzpfSf;Fj; Njitahd iturpd; Fz tptuidf;fhf>
n`r;.I.tp.-1 kw;Wk; n`r;.I.tp.-2 iturpd; gFjpfis epWtdk; jdpikg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. n`r;.I.tp.
Vw;gLk; tpfpjj;ij kjpg;gpl> |mjpf Mgj;J| cs;s n`r;.I.tp. nrNuh nefbt; egh;fspd; FOit Vw;gLj;jp> fz;fhzpj;J tUfpwJ vd;.v.Mh;.I. caphpay; kw;Wk; elj;ijapay; Mgj;Jf; fhuzpfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. VNjDk; tUq;fhy jLg;Gr; Nrhjid Kaw;rpfSf;F
,j;jifa FOf;fs; kpf Kf;fpak; vd;gNjhL> ,e;jpahTf;F va;l;]; jLg;G kUe;J fpilf;fr; nra;tjpy;> kpfg; nghpa gykhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; I.v.tp.I. ,ilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; tsh;f;fg;gl;L tUk;> n`r;.I.tp. ~rp| mbg;gilapyhd khb/igL thf;rPdpah mq;fhuh (vk;.tp.V.) vdg;gLk; khjphp> ntsp tUk; jUthapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU jLg;G kUe;J.

jp bA+gh;FNyhrp]; hprh;r; nrd;lh; (b.Mh;.rp.)> n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]{f;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fSs; xd;W. jkpo;ehl;bd; nrd;idiaj; jiyik ,lkhff; nfhz;l b.Mh;.rp.> ,e;jpahtpy; caphpay; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapy; Kd;dzp jiyik toq;fTk;> Njrpa fhr Neha;f; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij Kbj;jplTk;> I.rp.vk;.Muhy; 1956,y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rkPgj;jpy;> fhr Neha; kw;Wk; n`r;.I.tp.
,ilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlh;G fhuzkhf> b.Mh;.rp.> n`r;.I.tp. Ma;tpy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfr;rpwe;j kw;Wk; kpFe;j mDgtk; tha;e;j tpQ;Qhdpfspd; gy;Jiwf; FOf;fs; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; fhr Neha; kw;Wk; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; Ma;Tf;fhd> rpwe;j rhjdq;fs; epiwe;j ghpNrhjidf; $lq;fs; nfhz;lJ ,e;j epWtdk;.

ehl;by; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Njrpa Kaw;rpfspy; gq;fspg;gJ kw;Wk; n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]{ld; thOk; kf;fSf;Ff; ftdpg;G kw;Wk; MjuT toq;FtJ %yk;> b.Mh;.rp.> Njrpa va;l;]; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;> tUk; Kd; fhf;Fk;
va;l;]; jLg;G kUe;Jr; Nrhjid Kaw;rpf;fhd ,uz;lhk; Kjy; fl;lr; Nrhjid Kaw;rp ,lk;> b.Mh;.rp. MFk;.

it.Mh;. nfa;lhd;Nl nrd;lh; /ghh; va;;l;]; hprh;r; md;L vl;Anf\d; (it.Mh;.[p.Nfh;)> jkpo;ehL> nrd;idapy; cs;s> ,yhg Nehf;fk; fUjhj
Kd;dzp MNyhrid ikak; MFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> n`r;.I.tp./va;l;]{ld; tho;Nthh; kw;Wk;
mth;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdh;> kjpg;Gld; tho;tijAk;> njhw;W NkYk; guthky; ,Ug;gijAk; cWjp
nra;tJ MFk;. ,J> lhf;lh;. Rdpjp rhykdhy; 1993,y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1986,y;> nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; Ez;Zaphpapay; Jiwg; Nguhrphpauhf ,Ue;j NghJ> ,e;jpahtpy; n`r;.I.tp. njhw;wpd; Kjy; rhd;iw Mtzg;gLj;jpath; ,th;.

jLg;G Kjy; ftdpg;G tiuapyhd KO gl;baypy;> it.Mh;.[p.Nfh;> jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j gyjug;gl;l Nritfis toq;FfpwJ. Mwhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd gjpT nra;ag;gl;l NehahspfSf;F mspj;J tUk; va;l;]; ftdpg;G kw;Wk; MjuT NritfSf;fhf ,e;j mikg;G ngah; ngw;wJ. ed;ndwpfSld; mwptpay; rhh;e;j> fLikahd ,df;FO> fpspdpf;fy; kw;Wk; ghpNrhjidf;$l mbg;gil Ma;Tfis elj;Jk;
jpwd; tsh;j;Js;sJ it.Mh;.[p.Nfh;. kdpjr; r%f
tpay;> ftdf; FOf;fs;> Mokhd Neh;f;fhzy;fs;> ju mbg;gil mstPLfs;> tiuglg; gLj;jy; kw;Wk; fzf;fpLjy; kw;Wk; FO ,lk; kw;Wk; epidtpy; epWj;jy; Mfpatw;iwj; jOtpa> Fwp;g;ghf> ,df;FO mbg;gil Muha;r;rpapy; ePz;l mDgtk; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j mikg;ghy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfs;> epWtd kjpg;gPl;Lf; FOthy; Kjypy; mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;L> ,df;FO MNyhridf; FOthy; newpg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;bd; nrd;idapy; elf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ Kjy;fl;l va;l;]; jLg;G kUe;Jr; Nrhjid Kaw;rpapy;> ,df;FO xd;WgLj;jy; kw;Wk; jd;dhh;tyh; Njh;tpw;fhf> b.Mh;.rp. kw;Wk; it.Mh;.[p.Nfh; ,ize;J nray;gLfpd;wd.

caphpay; njhopy;El;gj; Jiw (b.gp.b.)>
,e;jpahtpy; jw;fhy caphpay; kw;Wk; caphpay;
njhopy;El;gj; Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj;
J}z;LNfhyhFk; tifapy;> 1986,y; ,e;jpa
mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. kUj;Jt caphpay;
njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; cly;ey ftdpg;G>
tptrhak;> tpyq;fpd mwptpay;> Rw;Wr;
#oy; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiwapy; caphpay;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jy;
cs;spl;lit mjd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfs;
Mtd. 5000,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Ma;Tg; gjpg;Gfs;>
4000 Kidth; gpd;gbg;G khzth;fs;> njhopy;Jiw
kw;Wk; fhg;GhpikfSf;F (mnkhpf;ff; fhg;Ghpikfs;
cs;spl;lJ) khw;wp mspf;fg;gl;l gw;gy
njhopy;El;gq;fs; Mfpait b.gp.b.apd; rpwg;Gg; gzpfs;. G+r;rp kw;Wk; Neha; jLg;ghw;wy;> Cl;lr; rj;Jj; juk;> gl;Lg; G+r;rp n[Ndhk; Muha;r;rp> kdpj kugpay; NfhshWfspd; %yf;$W caphpay;> %is Muha;r;rp> jhtu n[Ndhk; Muha;r;rp> tsh;r;rp> njhw;W Neha;fSf;fhd Neha; mwpjy; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; jLg;G kUe;Jfspd; kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; tpahghukakhf;fy;> czT caphpay; kUj;Jtj; njhopy;El;gk;> gy;Yaph; gd;ikg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; igNah g;uh];ngf;bq;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;> cs;Sh; ,lq;fs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ntt;NtW khepyq;fspy; Ez;tsh; G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; caphpay; njhopy;El;g mbg;gilapyhd tsh;r;rp Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jp> jhtuq;fspy; buhd;];n[dpf; Ma;TfSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; Kidg;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;Ls;sd. buhd;];n[dpf; jhtuq;fs;> hPfk;igdd;l; jLg;G kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; kUe;JfSf;fhd Njitahd newpKiwfSk; fpl;bAs;sd. cs;ehl;Lj; jpwd;fspd; tYthd mbj;jsKk; mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

~~caphpay; kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpapy; ek; ehL> cyfj; jiytuhf Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ.
,e;j Kjy; Nrhjid Kaw;rpapd; %yk;> va;l;]; jLg;G kUe;jpw;F NkYk; xU gb mUfpy; cyif neUq;fr; nra;Ak; Kf;fpag; gq;fspg;ig ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpfs; nra;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.||

~~xU jLg;G kUe;J NjlYf;F Kf;fpaj; Njitahd gd;dhl;Lf; $l;bizg;gpw;F>
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s $l;likg;G> Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. caph;f;nfhy;ypf;F
vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;> kpfr; rpwe;j tpQ;Qhdj;ij
xd;WgLj;j ehk; ,ize;Jg; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.||